In vitro: Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells exhibit a high susceptibility to reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their elevated metabolic activity. The accumulation of ROS is a critical factor contributing to the pathogenesis of both dry and wet forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The thioredoxin (TRX) system represents one of the two primary thiol-dependent antioxidant defense mechanisms in mammalian cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration-dependent activation and response of the TRX system to ROS induced by RPE specific exogenous oxidative agent, sodium iodate (NaIO3).

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To date, ocular injections and implants are the most effective methods for drug delivery to the back of the eye. However, invasive delivery methods also are costly and risky due to possible complications. In this paper, a novel proprietary polyacetylene polymer and two cell penetrating peptides are compared for topical drug delivery to treat retinal diseases.

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